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The Sharp Zaurus is the name of a series of Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) made by Sharp Corporation. The Zaurus was the most popular PDA during the 1990s in Japan and was based on a proprietary operating system. The first Sharp PDA to use a variant of the Linux operating system was the SL-5000D. The variant was Embedix Plus.
The name derives from the common suffix applied to the names of dinosaurs, and was chosen to convey the idea of strength.
Zaurus history
In September 1993, Sharp introduced the PI-3000, the first in the Zaurus line of PDAs. Featuring a black and white LCD screen, handwriting recognition, and optical communication capabilities among its features, the Zaurus soon became one of Sharp's flagship products.
The PI-4000, released in 1994, expanded the Zaurus' features with a built-in modem and facsimile functions. This was succeeded in 1995 by the PI-5000, which had e-mail and mobile phone interfaces, as well as PC linking capability. The Zaurus K-PDA was the first Zaurus to have a built-in keyboard in addition to handwriting recognition; the PI-6000 and PI-7000 in brought additional improvements.
In 1996 Sharp introduced the Sharp Zaurus ZR-5800. It used the same compact design, ports and pointing device as the previous Zaurus models. The changes was mostly in the ROM. It came with 2 MB RAM and a backlit 320x240 LCD display.[http://www.pencomputing.com/archive/PCM_10/zaurus_review.html]
During this time, Sharp was making significant advances in color LCD technology. In May of 1996, the first color Zaurus was released; the MI-10 and MI-10DC were equipped with a five inch (12.7 cm) color thin-film transistor (TFT) LCD screen. This model had the ability to connect to the internet, and had a built-in camera and audio recorder. Later that year, Sharp developed a forty inch (100 cm) TFT LCD screen, the world's largest at the time. In December, the MI-10/10DC Zaurus was chosen as the year's best product by Information Display Magazine in the United States.
Sharp continued to make advancements in display technology; the Zaurus gained additional multimedia capabilities, such as video playback, with the introduction of the MI-E1 in Japan in November of 2000. The MI-E1 was also the first Zaurus to support both Secure Digital and CompactFlash memory cards, a feature which would become standard on future models as well.
Although the MI series was extremely popular in Japan, it was never released in either the USA or Europe - probably largely due to the strictly Japanese UI, which was never translated into any other language. As a result, the machines released outside Japan were the Linux based SL series, the first of which was the SL-5000D "developer edition." This was shortly followed by the SL-5500; both used 'Embedix', an embedded version of the Linux operating system developed by Lineo combined with Qtopia the Qt toolkit based embedded application environment developed by Trolltech.
The development of the MI series in Japan was continued for a while, but the MI-E25DC has been officially declared to be the last MI-Series Zaurus.
Sharp has continued development of the SL series in Japan releasing the SL-C700, C750, C760 and C860 models which all feature 640x480 VGA screen resolution. They are all based on faster 400 MHz Intel XScale technology, although the SL-C700 was flawed and the apparent speed was the same as the 206 MHz SL-5500. All four of the SL-C models are clamshell type devices with the unusual ability to rotate the screen. This allows the device to be used in 'landscape' mode with the keyboard, much like a miniature notebook PC, or in 'portrait' mode as a PDA.
In October 2004 Sharp announced the SL-C3000 - the world's first PDA with an integrated hard disk drive. It featured a similar hardware and software specification to the earlier C860 model, apart from a 4GB microdrive and a USB Host port. This was followed in March 2005 by the cheaper SL-C1000 which replaced the hard drive with 128MB of flash ROM. In June 2005, Sharp released the SL-C3100. This combined the flash memory from the C1000 (which speeded up application loading) with the 4GB hard drive from the C3000. The latest model called SL-C3200, which is comparable with the SL-C3100 but with a 6GB microdrive, upgraded dictionary and slightly different colors, was released in March 2006.
While the SL series devices are no longer sold by Sharp in the US or EU there is an active market on the internet. Devices from Japan are converted to English language and offered for resale through internet merchants.
Regional distributors offer services which sell Zaurus units together with support facilities at a premium: since the newer models are not sold by conventional channels outside of Japan, these companies organise defective units to be conveyed to Sharp in Japan under the standard warranty which is usually only available within Japan.
There are currently a number of companies that act as import agents for people outside Japan who want to buy a Zaurus. This is legal but the buyer is liable for sales tax in their own country.
Zaurus models
* Personal Information (PI) series
* * Pi² T, proof of concept model presented in April 1992
* * PI-3000, the first model, introduced to the Japanese market on October 1, 1993
* * PI-5000/FX/DA, first model capable of syncing data to a personal computer, going on sale in November 1994.
* * PI-4500, introduced in January 1995
* * PI-6000/FX, featuring a new handwriting recognition software, on sale in Japan August 1995.
* * PI-6000DA, adding a digital adapter for cellular phones, introduced on December 12, 1995
* * PI-7000, dubbed AccessZaurus (アクセスザウルス) sports a built in modem, is introduced in February 1996.
* ** Note: Confusingly, Sharp made another unit called the "PI-7000 ExpertPad", which was a Newton based device, not a Zaurus.
* * PI-6500, was introduced to the Japanese market with a list price of 55,000 Yen on November 22, 1996. Measuring 147x87x17mm and weighting 195g including the batteries, it sports a 239x168 dot matrix display and 715KB of user addressable memory.
* * PI-8000, went on sale on January 24, 1997 with a list price of 80,000 Yen. It featured a 319x168 dot matrix display, 711KB user addressable memory, measuring 157 x 90 x 17 mm, and weighting 215 g including batteries.
* * PI-6600, the last AccessZaurus with a 239 x 168 dot matrix display, measuring 147 x 87 x 17 mm and a weight of 195 g including batteries. It went on sale in Japan on September 25, 1997.
* K-PDA (ZR) series
* * ZR-3000, 320x240 touch screen, 1 MB RAM.[http://home.columbus.rr.com/mobileedge/szr3000.htm]
* * ZR-3500, similar to the ZR-3000, with new internal 14.4/9.6 kbit/s modem.[http://home.columbus.rr.com/mobileedge/szr3500.htm]
* * ZR-5000/FX, a clam-shell model only sold outside of Japan, going on sale in January 1995.
* * ZR-5700
* * ZR-5800
* MI series
* * MI-10DC/10, nicknamed ColorZaurus, was the first model to have a color display. The DC model featured a digital camera and was initially priced 155,000 Yen. The MI-10 was listed as 120,000 Yen. Both models went on sale on June 25, 1996.
* * MI-506DC/506/504, PowerZaurus
* * MI-110M/106M/106, ZaurusPocket
* * MI-610/610DC, PowerZaurus
* * MI-310, ZaurusColorPocket
* * MI-EX1, Zaurus iCRUISE - This was the first PDA with a 640x480 resolution display
* * MI-C1-A/S, PowerZaurus
* * MI-P1-W/A/LA, Zaurus iGeti
* * MI-P2-B, Zaurus iGeti - More internal software, more Flash
* * MI-P10-S, Zaurus iGeti - Larger RAM and Flash than P1/P2
* * MI-J1, Internet Dictionary Zaurus
* * MI-E1, First vertical display model - mini keyboard
* * MI-L1, Stripped down E1 - lacks display backlight
* * MI-E21, Enhanced version of E1 - double RAM and ROM size
* * MI-E25DC, a MI-E21 with an internal 640 x 480 digital camera
* Other MI Series related devices
* * BI-L10, Business Zaurus - Mono screen, 4 Mb IRDA, Network Adapter
* * MT-200, Communications pal - Keyboard input, limited I/O
* * MT-300, Communications pal - 4 MB flash, restyled
* * MT-300C, Communications pal - CDMAone version
* * Browser Board, MT-300 with NTT DoCoMo specific software
* Linux based SL series
* * SL-5000D, a developer edition of the SL-5500, containing 32 MB of RAM.
* * SL-5500 (Collie), the first new Zaurus to be sold outside Japan, is based on the Intel SA-1110 StrongARM processor, has 64 MB of RAM, a built-in keyboard, CompactFlash (CF) slot, Secure Digital (SD) slot, and Infrared port.
* * SL-A300 (Discovery), an ultra-light PDA with no keyboard, sold only in Japan
* * SL-5600 (Poodle), the successor to the SL-5500, with greater processing capability, increased RAM and an inbuilt speaker and microphone. Based on the Intel XScale 400 MHz processor. However some had a Cache bug on the PXA-250 processor (easily fixed!). Popular ROMs for the SL-5600 include Watapon, Synergy, and OpenZaurus.
* ** SL-B500, name of the SL-5600 in Japan
* * SL-C700 (Corgi), a clam-shell model and the first PDA to use Sharp's "System LCD", sold only in Japan.
* * SL-C750 (Shepherd), an improved version of the SL-C700 with longer battery life, a faster processor and updated software, sold only in Japan.
* * SL-C760 (Husky), an improved version of the SL-C700 with double the internal flash storage of the SL-C750 and a larger battery, sold only in Japan.
* * SL-C860 (Boxer), similar to SL-C760, it contains a software upgrade which allows it to be recognised as a USB storage device and has built in English-Japanese translation software, sold only in Japan.
* * SL-6000 (Tosa), the successor to the SL-5600, available in 3 versions:
* ** SL-6000N, 4" VGA display, Intel XScale PXA255 400 MHz processor, 64 MB flash memory, 64 MB SDRAM, CF and SD slots, and IR port. Built in microphone, speaker, USB host port.
There seems to be a version called [http://www.sharp-ssp.co.jp/products/kigyoumuke/zaurus/PocketPC2003/ HC-6000N] equipped with Microsoft Windows Mobile 2003 Second Edition, and a handheld from Hitachi called [http://www.hitachi.co.jp/Prod/vims/solutions/mobile/pda/hw.html FLORA-ie MX1] with same hardware, both are only available in Japan.
* ** SL-6000L, same as SL-6000N, also with built-in 802.11b Wi-Fi.
* ** SL-6000W, same as SL-6000N, also with built-in 802.11b Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.
* * SL-C3000 (Spitz), similar to SL-C860, the SL-C3000 contains a USB host port to allow the connection of USB devices such as keyboards and mice. It also features an Intel Xscale PXA270 416 MHz CPU. While that model features only 16 MB flash storage it has a 4 GB Hitachi HDD and was the first PDA to feature a hard disk. It is sold only in Japan.
* * SL-C1000 (Akita), similar to SL-C3000, but with 128 MB Flash ROM instead of HDD.
* * SL-C3100 (Borzoi), similar to SL-C3000, Flash ROM has been increased 128 MB, still has 4 GB HDD.
* * SL-C3200 (Terrier), latest clam-shell model, released on March 17, 2006, similar to SL-C3100. HDD has been increased to 6 GB, comes with updated dictionary and TOEIC (Test of English for International Communication) test.
Zaurus software
With the switch to the Linux operating system the Zaurus became capable of running variations of a wide variety of proprietary and open source software, including web and FTP servers, databases, and compilers. Developers have created several replacement Linux distributions for the Zaurus, the main ones being
* OpenZaurus, which uses the OPIE or GPE graphical user interfaces and is designed for the power user. OpenZaurus does not include the proprietary software that comes with Sharp's distribution.
* [http://www.pdaxrom.org pdaXrom], a distribution based on the X graphics system and the matchbox/openbox user interface.
* Cacko, an alternate to the Sharp ROM based on the same Qt graphics system as the original.
Software provided by Sharp includes basic PDA packages such as a datebook, addressbook, and todo list. These PIM applications are fairly unsophisticated, and a number of individuals and groups have developed alternatives. One popular - and free - alternative that runs on the Sharp ROM and OpenZaurus as well as Windows and Linux is the [http://www.pi-sync.net/ KDE PIM/Platform-independent] set of applications. KDE PIM/PI is based on PIM applications from the KDE desktop suite for Linux. KDE PIM/PI includes KOrganizer/Platform-independent (or KOPI), KAddressbook/Platform-independent (or KAPI), K-OpieMail/pi (or OMPI), and PwM/PI, a password manager with strong encryption.
In addition to standard PDA applications there are many programs available that are more commonly associated with desktop and laptop computers. Among these are a selection of office programs, web browsers, media applications and many others.
There is also a distribution of OpenBSD for the Zaurus, and a NetBSD port is in development(NetBSD/zaurus boots into multi-user mode now: [http://mail-index.netbsd.org/port-arm/2006/11/19/0000.html dmesg].).
Possibilities
The Linux based models in the Zaurus range are popular with users who enjoy the ideas of experimentation and extensibility the platform provides. With all these models, it is possible to supplant the original OS entirely by reflashing the ROM. Examples of alternate ROMs developed by the Zaurus development community include OpenZaurus, Cacko and pdaXrom.
OpenBSD, a security focused BSD operating system is also available on the SL-C3000, SL-C3100, and SL-C3200 with development continuing in order to expand support to C860 and C1000, with the possiblility to further support the SL-5500 should developers so desire. OpenBSD however does not entirely replace the original operating system nor does it come as a ROM image, instead it uses the original Linux install as a bootloader and installs the same as OpenBSD would on any other platform.
Except for changing the operating system, it is also possible to replace only the Linux kernel which gives a better performance while maintaining compatibility and retaining installed software that comes with a "stock" Rom.
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