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Samizdat: And Other Issues Regarding the 'Source' of Open Source Code is a book by Kenneth Brown, which was prereleased in May 2004 and was to be published later that year by the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution (AdTI). Among other controversial theses, the book suggests that the Linux kernel may have been created or distributed illegally and that open-source software may be generally subject to such abuses.
The book was greeted with almost universal derision by the technical world and was repudiated by many of its claimed sources.
The book claims that the Linux kernel was written using copied source code from Minix and other resources acquired improperly or possibly illegally by Linus Torvalds. It also suggests that one can never be certain of the origins of open source code, so similar misuse of copyrighted code may exist for other open-source projects. Finally, it claims that the GNU General Public License is bad for the economy.
The title is a reference to samizdat, a form of private circulation of suppressed literature within Soviet-bloc countries.
Arguments of the book
Samizdat claims that Linus Torvalds used source code taken from Minix, a small Unix-like operating system used in teaching computer science, to create Linux 0.01, on the theory that no mere student could write an entire Unix-like kernel single-handedly.
The book also recommends that government-funded programming should never be licensed under the GPL, but under the BSD license or similar simple permissive licenses. It states that the US government should:
* "Work vigorously to create a true 'free source' code capability program at universities and colleges. This program should go to promote true open source projects, not hybrid source projects like the GPL and Linus . The federal government should support a $5 billion budget over ten years to produce a free source code project in partnership with the IT industry and other governments interested in promoting increased computers [sic] science research and development. This effort would be a benefit to academia, the private sector, and the IT economy."
* "Actively study the taxpayer return on investment (TORI0) [sic] from government funded governmental research and development at colleges and universities."
* "Increase the US Patent and Trademark Office budget to property [sic] support the anticipated growth in intellectual property filings by the public as a result of the 'open source' program at colleges and universities."
* "Increase financial incentives for corporations to participate in an open source program at colleges and universities." [http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/33929.html]
Reaction to Samizdat
The book's claims, methodology and references have been seriously questioned, including by many of those it quotes in support of its thesis, such as Andrew S. Tanenbaum, author of Minix; Dennis Ritchie, one of the creators of Unix; and Richard Stallman, leader of the GNU project. Others have said that quotes attributed as being from an "interview with AdTI" were in fact from prerelease journal papers (Ilkka Tuomi) or from messageboard posts (Charles Mills, Henry Jones).
Alexey Toptygin said he had been commissioned by Brown to find similarities between Minix and Linux 0.01 source code, and found no support for the theory that Minix source code had been used to create Linux; this study is not mentioned in the book.
Although Linux 0.01 was written using Minix as an example and starting point, no code from Minix was actually used in it (Tanenbaum agrees on this point). Furthermore, Linux 0.01 was a barely functional first draft, far from the sophisticated, industry-grade Linux-based operating systems of the present day; writing a kernel of similar size and capabilities is a standard part of many computer science degrees.
Samizdats detractors also point to the fact that AdTI has been funded directly since 1999 by Microsoft, a company which publishes a competing proprietary operating system and considers Linux one of its most important competitors.
After a month of almost universal derision towards the book from the technical press, Microsoft also repudiated it in mid-June, a spokesman calling it "an unhelpful distraction from what matters most — providing the best technology for our customers." (WSJ, 14 June 2004)
Notably absent from Brown's research for Samizdat was any direct communication with Torvalds.
Release date
The book was previewed and heavily promoted in May 2004 with a view to being published later that year. The book remains unreleased, although a preview is purchasable as an e-book.
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